Hardware Architecture

The hardware architecture of BMB (Bionic Mosquito Bot) embodies an intricate blend of biomimetic engineering, microscale electronics, and intelligent modularity. Designed for use in dynamic, confined, and often sensitive environments, BMB's physical components are miniaturized without compromising capability. Its insect-scale design enables flight where conventional UAVs cannot go—through vents, ducts, under foliage, and within complex indoor environments.

Biomimetic Frame

The frame of BMB is inspired by the anatomy of a mosquito and is constructed to replicate the lightweight, flexible yet resilient skeletal structure of flying insects. The chassis is fabricated using carbon-fiber micro-lattices integrated with thermoplastic elastomers at flexion points, ensuring both tensile strength and elastic flexibility. This hybrid construction absorbs mechanical stress from rapid oscillations while remaining feather-light.

BMB's external surface is coated with a multi-spectral suppression film that diffuses reflections across visible, infrared, and UV bands—effectively camouflaging it from most optical and thermal detection systems. The outer shell is modular, with magnetic and pressure-fit latches for easy removal and replacement of payload modules, wings, and battery packs.

Micro-shock absorbers at each articulated joint buffer impacts from minor collisions, allowing BMB to rebound harmlessly off surfaces like walls or ceilings—a critical feature for operation in tight or obstacle-filled environments.

Wing Propulsion System

Drawing inspiration from the biomechanics of mosquito flight, BMB uses an asymmetric dual-wing propulsion system. Each wing is driven by high-frequency piezoelectric actuators capable of oscillating at up to 600 Hz, generating lift through controlled vibrations rather than traditional rotor spinning.

The wings are made from a composite of graphene-coated mylar with embedded strain sensors that monitor wing loading in real time. These sensors feed data into microcontrollers that dynamically adjust wingbeat amplitude, phase difference, and flapping frequency to optimize lift, thrust, and control.

High-speed microservos attached to the thoracic pivot points offer independent control over pitch, roll, and yaw. This permits precise maneuvers such as vertical hover, sudden lateral dodging, agile turns, and perching on walls or ceilings. An adjustable micro-tail fin adds aerodynamic stability during flight.

Thanks to its unconventional mode of locomotion, BMB produces minimal acoustic signature—almost indistinguishable from environmental background noise such as fans, insects, or machinery.

The lift force generated by the flapping wings can be approximated by the quasi-steady aerodynamic model:

$$L = \frac{1}{2} \rho S U^2 C_L(\alpha, f, A)$$

Sensor Array

At the core of BMB's mission adaptability lies its modular and customizable sensor array. The array is mounted along a plug-and-play dorsal backbone, with support for simultaneous multi-modal sensing. The default payload configuration includes:

• Thermo-Hygrometer: Tracks ambient temperature and humidity, useful for HVAC mapping, fire risk assessment, and biological habitat sensing.

• CO₂ & VOC Detectors: Monitor air quality, detect human presence, or identify industrial gas leaks in enclosed environments.

• MEMS Microphone Array: For eavesdropping, machine condition monitoring, and ultrasonic signal interpretation. Integrated DSP (digital signal processing) units support on-the-fly audio filtering and voice pattern tagging.

• Miniature Lidar & TOF IR Sensors: Enable sub-centimeter obstacle avoidance, SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), and mapping of 3D spaces in GPS-denied environments.

Optional sensor modules include RGB/Infrared Micro-Cameras, multi-gas electrochemical sensors, bioaerosol samplers, and Geiger-Mini counters.

All sensors are hot-swappable and auto-calibrated upon insertion.

Power Module

BMB’s power is supplied by a solid-state lithium microbattery with nano-silicon anodes for high charge density and thermal stability. Encased in a vibration-damped, thermally regulated enclosure, the power module ensures consistent performance during erratic movement and variable temperature environments.

To extend operational time, BMB is lined with ultra-flexible photovoltaic nanofilms on its wings and back, allowing for continuous trickle-charging under ambient light. While the power contribution is modest, this solar assist extends missions by up to 20% in daylight operations.

The bot also supports wireless inductive charging and a Smart Power Management System (SPMS) that prioritizes flight, sensor, and compute loads in real-time based on mission urgency and remaining energy.

Edge Computing Unit

BMB is powered by a custom low-power RISC-V processor integrated with a neural inference accelerator. The chip’s architecture includes dedicated vector processing units and low-latency memory buffers that support onboard AI tasks such as:

• SLAM and path planning

• Real-time object/person detection

• Environmental anomaly classification

• Signal processing (audio/thermal/gas)

The processor operates on a minimal footprint operating system with support for dynamic over-the-air (OTA) updates, watchdog resilience, and encrypted data buffering.

A secondary microcontroller handles real-time flight control loops, ensuring deterministic response even under high compute loads.

The flight control system can be modeled with PID controllers regulating wing kinematics and orientation:

$$u(t) = K_p e(t) + K_i \int_0^t e(\tau) d\tau + K_d \frac{de(t)}{dt}$$

If communication fails, a fault-tolerant mission failsafe system returns BMB to the last known charging base using inertial navigation and cached maps, with state estimation improved via sensor fusion through an Extended Kalman Filter:

$$\hat{x}_k = \hat{x}_{k-1} + K_k (z_k - H_k \hat{x}_{k-1})$$

Data collected during missions is stored securely in encrypted flash memory and synchronized with a ground station upon return. The device complies with standard cybersecurity protocols (TLS, AES-256) for all data transmission.

---

Altogether, BMB's hardware architecture reflects a convergence of nature-inspired design, microscale engineering, and autonomous robotics. It empowers BMB with the agility, intelligence, and endurance required for meaningful missions in urban, industrial, biomedical, or defense-related scenarios—without being seen, heard, or stopped.